虚谷:晚清画苑第一家
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图/虚谷画像
虚谷(1823—1896),清代著名画家,海上四大家之一。初任清军参将,因不满朝廷统治,不愿奉命攻打太平军,后出家为僧,却又不受佛门清规戒律的约束,“不茹素,不礼拜”,“惟以书画自娱”。
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常往来于上海、苏州、扬州—带,以卖画为生,自谓“闲来写出三千幅,行乞人间作饭钱”。与任伯年、高邕之、胡公寿、吴昌硕、倪墨耕等海上名家友善,其人一生穿过儒服、戎装、官服、袈裟,最后静静睡在沪上关帝庙的画案上,乘黄鹤西归。
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性情孤僻,非相处情深者不能得其片纸。他是继渐江以后,新安画坛出现的又一怪杰和书画大家。被誉为“晚清画苑第一家”。
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虚谷早年学界画,工人物写照。擅花果、禽鱼、山水,尤长于金鱼、松鼠,他继承新安派渐江、程邃画风并上溯宋元,又受华新罗等扬州画家影响,作品中对象的造型奇特,章法与众不同。作品有苍秀之趣,敷色清新,造型生动,落笔冷隽,别具风格。
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他善于调理把握章法的中偏、正欹、平奇、虚实、轻重、藏露与布白。使画面空灵,有强烈的空间感。这在长条画幅上表现尤为明显,横斜排列巧妙,气势浩大,敢于突破常规。平中求奇,从而达到静中有动,虚实相生,生意盎然。
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总的来说,虚谷的作品有“真、舍、直”三大特点,“真”即在对本质的东西把握基础上又能加以大胆的主观夸张,以达到更传神的高超的艺术境界。
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“舍”就是对造型的大胆取舍,虚谷的舍,来得狠,舍得妙,手法高明。“直”,其简练的线条凝重,见直方组合,做到神似、传种,而不是形似。
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他作画行笔用线是宁方勿圆,顿中见力,见棱见角,下笔肯定,有着强烈的个性。
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