2.7.1 国外相关研究的综合评价
国外文献对于价格动量、反转投资策略以及价值反转投资策略研究比较深入,但对策略收益来源至今仍争论不休。对于机构投资者动量交易策略(行为)的研究以及对于风格动量策略研究自90年代中后期才逐渐出现,尤其风格动量策略实证研究及模型研究近几年才开始出现,尚属一个较新的研究领域。
国外对于动量及反转投资策略研究多数基于美国证券市场,众所周知,美国证券市场无论在市场规模、市场投资理念及投资行为等方面是一个相对成熟的市场,而中国证券市场由于发展历史较短,投资理念不成熟等原因尚属一个新兴市场,具有自身的独特性。因此本文在借鉴与参考国外相关文献时,力图根据国内证券市场的特点对研究方法进行一定改进或立足于国内证券市场自身特点对研究结果进行解释。
Hong和Stein(2001)用公司规模以及分析师覆盖(cover)来测度信息扩散的速度,对Hong和Stein(1999)信息逐渐扩散模型进行检验,发现由于利空消息在小规模公司以及低分析师覆盖公司中缓慢扩散产生了价格动量。然而对于国内证券市场而言,小规模公司往往受到市场更大的关注,并且分析师对市场影响力并不明显,然而成交量的变化往往伴随着股价及消息面的变化,因此我们引入成交量作为测度信息扩散速度以及动量交易规模的变量,构建了基于成交量的动量策略。
Grinblatt,Tima和Wermers(1995)、Badrinath和Wahal(2002)等采用了机构投资者季度持股明细数据来检验基金的动量交易行为。与国外大型机构投资者如基金等通常采用分散化投资策略不同,国内证券投资基金往往采用集中持有的投资策略,因而重仓股交易可能更适合刻划基金交易行为。国内基金季报数据通常只包括前10名重仓股,为弥补数据存在的缺陷,我们在方法上采用一定的创新设计,对基金动量交易行为检验的鲁棒性进行考察。
Lewellen(2002)、Chen和DeBondt(2004)、Teo和Woo(2004)等在研究风格动量策略时,仅采用了规模及净市值比率来刻划投资风格。对于国内股市而言,市盈率(即益本比率的倒数)指标往往更受到普通投资者和机构投资者的重视,因此我们还重点引入了益本比率指标来构建风格动量投资策略。此外,我们还进一步构建了基于简单风格的动量投资策略,并且用BS(2003)风格水平正反馈交易模型有关孪生风格(twins styles)假设进行解释。
2.7.2 国内相关研究的综合评价
国内对于动量及反转投资策略研究基本集中于质朴价格动量及反转策略,多数仅仅采用单一历史收益率作为变量来构建策略组合,在研究方法上通常只采用极端收益组合进行检验,对于策略收益来源亦缺少分析。
相关价值反转策略的系统性研究相对较少,而有关短期(周)反转策略、基金动量交易策略及风格水平动量策略研究文献至今仍较为少见。
国内对于价格动量及反转策略由于在样本选择、研究方法等方面的不一致,所得结论分歧较大。沈艺峰和吴世农(1999)仅以净资产收益率作为变量来构建反转策略得到中国股市并不存在过度反应,王永宏和赵学军(2001)等仅分别采用5只极端收益个股作为输家和赢家组合,其实证检验的稳健性值得商榷,而林秀梅和方毅(2004)应用Lo和Mavkinlay(1990)策略时仅采用极端收益组合,实证检验的稳健性值得探讨,并且他们对周收益的界定亦未考虑到可能存在的周一或周末效应。
曹敏和吴冲锋(2004)、肖军和徐信忠(2004)等研究了价值反转策略,前者缺少相关的统计显著性检验,而后者虽然严格按照Lakonishok,Shleifer和Vishny(1994)方法,但由于样本期较短的限制,并未进一步作稳健性检验。我们在检验价值反转策略时,还采用了重叠抽样的方法来克服样本期较短的缺陷,因而结论具有稳健性。
2.7.3 本文研究开展计划
针对已有研究的不足之处,本文拟从以下几个方面开展研究:
(1)在价格动量投资策略研究部分,首先根据Jegadeesh和Titman(1993,2001)及Hong和Stein(2000)研究设计,实证检验基于历史收益率的价格动量策略(na?ve price momentum);其次以证券投资基金季报公布重仓股组合为样本,考察证券投资基金的动量交易策略,并进一步分析基金交易行为的市场效应。
(2)在风格动量策略研究部分,采用规模(SIZE)、益本比率(E/P)及净市值比率(BM)等指标作为风格划分变量,分别运用两种代表性的风格动量投资策略--Chen和DeBondt(2004)风格动量策略以及Lewellen(2002)动量策略,实证检验基于复合风格水平以及简单风格水平的动量投资策略,并进一步考察风格动量策略对于大型机构投资者的实际可操作性。这一部分还对风格动量策略收益进行分解及风险分析,并对实证结果运用Barberis和Shleifer(2003)风格水平正反馈交易模型进行解释。
(3)在价格反转策略研究部分,首先运用Lo和Mavkinlay(1990)反转策略设计、Jegadeesh和Titman(1995b)反转收益分解框架并引入成交量冲击对短期(周)反转策略进行系统性研究;其次以重叠抽样的方法检验长期反转策略;最后,对参数反转策略进行实证研究。
(4)在价值反转策略研究部分,主要根据Lakonishok,Shleifer和Vishny(1994)的研究设计,以净市值比率(BM)、现金流净额市价比率(C/P)、益本比率(E/P)、销售收入增长率(GS)及规模(SIZE)等作为价值指标,实证研究一维价值反转策略和二维价值反转策略在组合持有期1--3年内的投资效果,并进一步考察价值反转投资策略对于大型机构投资者的实际可操作性。这一部分还对价值股组合及成长股组合进行了风险分析。此外,还运用了Jegadeesh和Titman(1993,2001)重叠抽样的方法进行鲁棒性检验,以弥补样本期相对较短的缺陷。
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§§第3章 价格动量投资策略研究